When discussing graphene, we need to first discuss the natural mineral graphite that is widely existing in our day-to-day live.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a split material, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are prepared layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the same layer “hold hands” and are very closely connected, however the combination of carbon atoms in between various layers is loose, like a pile of playing cards. With a mild push, the cards will certainly move apart.
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From the perspective of chemical framework, graphite is a transitional crystal between atomic crystals, metal crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the exact same layer type covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is connected to 3 other carbon atoms, and six carbon atoms form a normal hexagonal ring on the same airplane, stretching to develop a sheet framework.
If graphite is a pile of playing cards, then graphene is among the cards in this pile of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material composed of a solitary layer of carbon atoms. Piling graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite contains regarding 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is difficult to peel a single layer framework.
More than twenty years back, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, researchers at the University of Manchester in the UK, believed that there need to be a way to get a solitary layer of graphite.
How can a single layer of graphite be peeled? Scientists took a really “simple and unrefined” approach – sticking it with tape.
“Similar to when we write a typo theoretically, we will certainly stick the typo with tape.” Based upon this, scientists strongly link that if tape can stay with the surface of paper, can it likewise adhere to layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, researchers stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to a special tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was divided into two. Although the density of graphite right now is still far from that of a single layer of graphite, researchers have validated the feasibility of this method – each time the tape is made use of, the graphite comes to be thinner. By insisting on utilizing this “mechanical exfoliation approach” to repeat the operation, they ultimately got a thin sheet containing just one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nevertheless, this method of repeatedly scrubing graphite sheets with tape to acquire graphene has low production effectiveness and can just be utilized to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later on, with the enhancement of scientific and technical degrees, the preparation technique of graphene has actually likewise made wonderful progression. Currently, along with this traditional physical and mechanical exfoliation method, there are additionally several techniques for preparing graphene, such as redox approach, solvent peeling approach, chemical vapor deposition, etc
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